SOP - Formalin and Paraformaldehyde

Laboratory Director (LD) Approval is Required Prior to Performing this Procedure

Description

This standard operating procedure outlines the handling and use of formalin and paraformaldehyde. Review this document and supply the information required in order to make it specific to your laboratory. In accordance with this document, laboratories should use appropriate controls, personal protective equipment, and disposal techniques when handling formalin and paraformaldehyde.

Formalin and paraformaldehyde are primarily used as fixatives. These fixatives act to preserve and stabilize cells and tissues prior to examination processes. The aqueous solution of formalin is 37-40 percent formaldehyde in water or methanol. Paraformaldehyde is the crystallized polymer of formaldehyde (97%) that is weighed out and dissolved in solution for experimentation or for cell and tissue fixation. Typically 3-10% formalin or paraformaldehyde solutions are used to perfuse or fix tissues.

Useful Formalin and Paraformaldehyde Links:

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/81-111/

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/formaldehyde/

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0293.html

Potential Hazards

• Formalin and paraformaldehyde solutions can emit formaldehyde gas, a known human carcinogen, and can irritate the eyes and skin.
• Working with paraformaldehyde powder (and, to a lesser extent, flakes or granules), can expose employees to paraformaldehyde dust, which is a strong irritant/sensitizer.
• Contact with these solutions or paraformaldehyde solids may also cause drying of the skin and/or allergic dermatitis.
• The MIOSHA Permissible Exposure Limit for formaldehyde is 0.75 ppm for 8 hours or 2 ppm for 15 minutes. There is a substance-specific MIOSHA standard for formaldehyde, and an action limit of 0.5 ppm.
• Consult your Safety Data Sheet for more information on hazards.

Engineering Controls

• Work with concentrated (>4% formaldehyde/paraformaldehyde) solutions only in a chemical fume hood.
• Handle paraformaldehyde powder (and, preferably, granules or flakes) only in a chemical fume hood.
• Dilute solutions (<4% formaldehyde) may be used on the benchtop in small quantities.
• If there is any possibility that an employee's eyes may be splashed with solutions containing 0.1 percent or greater formaldehyde, an eyewash/drench hose must be available within the immediate work area for emergency use.
• If employees' skin may become splashed with solutions containing 1 percent or greater formaldehyde, for example, because of equipment failure or improper work practices, the MIOSHA formaldehyde standard requires a conveniently-located safety shower. Contact Occupational Safety and Environmental Health (OSEH) at (734) 647-1143 to determine if a safety shower will be needed.

Work Practice Controls

• Designate an area for working with concentrated formalin, concentrated paraformaldehyde solutions, and paraformaldehyde solid, and label it as such.
• Keep containers closed as much as possible.
• Use in the smallest practical quantities for the experiment being performed.
• If you are weighing paraformaldehyde powder and the balance cannot be located in a fume hood or BSC, tare a container then add powder in the hood and cover before returning to the balance to weigh the powder.
• Labs handling moderate to large quantities of formaldehyde-containing solutions on a regular basis should contact OSEH at (734) 647-1143 for assessment of exposure. Areas that handle only small (100 ml or less) pre-filled specimen containers, or that work with formaldehyde-containing solutions exclusively in a functioning chemical fume hood, would have low potential for overexposure, but should contact OSEH if there are concerns.
• Once work with formalin/paraformaldehyde is complete, wipe down area with a soap and water solution.

Protective Equipment

Wear standard nitrile laboratory gloves, chemical splash goggles, face shield, and lab coat. If splash may occur, also wear an impervious apron. (MIOSHA requires that all contact of the eyes and skin with liquids containing 1 percent or more formaldehyde be prevented by the use of chemical protective clothing made of material impervious to formaldehyde and the use of other personal protective equipment, such as goggles and face shields, as appropriate to the operation.)

Transportation and Storage

• Transport formaldehyde solutions in secondary containment, preferably a polyethylene or other non-reactive acid/solvent bottle carrier.
• Keep container in cool, well-ventilated area.
• Keep container tightly closed and sealed until ready for use.
• Store in secondary containment with flammables, away from oxidizers, reducing agents, metals, and acids.
• Keep containers of paraformaldehyde (PFA) solid away from water.
• Avoid storing on the floor.
• Avoid ignition sources.

Waste Disposal

Formalin and paraformaldehyde solutions and powders must be disposed following the guidelines above while accumulating wastes and awaiting chemical waste pickup. Waste must be disposed of following OSEH Hazardous Materials procedures. Contact OSEH’s Hazardous Materials Management (HMM) at (734) 763-4568 for waste containers, labels, manifests, and waste collection. Also refer to OSEH’s Hazardous Waste webpage for more information.

Exposures/Unintended Contact

If the employee is in need of emergency medical attention, call 911 immediately. For an actual chemical exposure/injury,

• Flush exposed eyes or skin with water for at least 15 minutes, then seek medical attention (see below).
• If there is respiratory irritation associated with exposure, remove all persons from the contaminated area.

Contact OSEH for advice on symptoms of chemical exposure, or assistance in performing an exposure assessment.

Report all work related accidents, injuries, illnesses or exposures to WorkConnections within 24 hours by completing and submitting the Illness and Injury Report Form. Follow the directions on the WorkConnections website Forms Instructions to obtain proper medical treatment and follow-up.

Complete the OSEH Laboratory Incident and Near-Miss Report form.

Treatment Facilities:

• U-M Occupational Health Services -- Campus Employees

Mon-Fri 7:30 am - 4:30 pm After hours - go to UM Hospital Emergency Dept. – Urgent Care Clinic C380 Med Inn building 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor (734) 764-8021

• University Health Services -- University students (non-life threatening conditions)

Mon-Fri 8 am – 4:30 pm, Sat 9 am – 12 pm Contact for current hours as they may vary 207 Fletcher Street, Ann Arbor (734) 764-8320

• UMHS Emergency Department -- after clinic hours or on weekends

1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, (734) 936-6666

Click here for more information.

Spill Procedure

Employees in the area should be prepared to clean up minor spills, including most spills confined to the chemical fume hood. Wearing double nitrile gloves, splash goggles, face shield and lab coat (and impermeable apron, if available), use absorbent pads to absorb spilled material. For small spills of solid PFA, dampen the absorbent pad with methanol before placing over the spilled material and allow to sit for a few minutes before wiping up. After spill has been completely absorbed, wash down contaminated area with soap and water at least two times. Contaminated PPE and clean-up materials must be placed in a clear plastic bag or compatible container for pick-up by OSEH.

Additional Spill Links:

• www.oseh.umich.edu/pdf/chemspil.pdf
• http://www.oseh.umich.edu/emer-chemical.shtml.

For large spills and most spills of formalin or paraformaldehyde solutions or paraformaldehyde powder that occurs outside of a chemical fume hood should be referred to OSEH-HMM.

Report all emergencies, suspicious activity, injuries, spills, and fires to the University of Michigan Division of Public Safety and Security (DPSS) by calling 911 or texting 377911. Register with the University of Michigan Emergency Alert System via Wolverine Access.

Training of Personnel

All personnel are required to complete the General Laboratory Safety Training session (BLS025w or equivalent) via OSEH’s My LINC website. Furthermore, all personnel shall read and fully adhere to this SOP when handling formalin and paraformaldehyde.

Certification

I have read and understand the above SOP. I agree to contact my Supervisor or Lab manager if I plan to modify this procedure. Sign by logging in and typing * ~~~~ in the list below:

• Reddj (talk) 15:58, 13 October 2016 (UTC)
• Iharvey (talk) 21:23, 10 November 2016 (UTC)
• Snyderds (talk) 19:31, 7 June 2017 (UTC)
• Elhabbal (talk) 21:50, 12 June 2017 (UTC)
• Mollyec (talk) 14:49, 13 June 2017 (UTC)
• Kkistler (talk)
• Ccousz (talk) 13:17, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

Laboratory Director - Dave Bridges Revision Date - 2016-10-13